Hospitals across the country are facing mounting financial pressures in delivering primary care services, often shouldering annual losses of 5–7%. Primary care providers are essential for the health of the community and for the financial health of the hospitals to which they refer patients for services. As hospitals strive to balance their budgets and sustain primary care, there are options for hospitals to take that could ease financial burdens while preserving provider presence in the communities they serve. This article explores actionable models and strategies to reimagine primary care delivery in a way that benefits both patients and hospital systems.
The current landscape of primary care in hospitals
The national shortage of primary care providers has disproportionately impacted rural communities, leading to worsening access gaps. In addition, many small practices have struggled with mounting administrative burdens, burned-out physicians weary from long hours, and concerns over sustainable revenue. These challenges have driven hospitals to step in, offering indispensable resources such as EHR systems, IT support, malpractice insurance, and HR administration. Additionally, hospitals have benefited from enhanced reimbursement opportunities through provider-based billing and critical access hospitals through Method-II billing. Some of these benefits, like Medicare’s ongoing push to site-neutral payments and increased Medicare managed care, are eroding the benefits hospitals once enjoyed through and employed physician model.
However, the reality has often been more complex than anticipated. Physicians employed by hospitals increasingly seek work-life balance, leading to declines in the daily patient volumes. At the same time, patient appointments are backing up due to the complexity of cases and ongoing public health crises such as substance abuse epidemics. Commercial payors and employees are also steering patients toward less costly ancillary providers, further eroding the advantage of containing patients within the walls of the hospital through their primary care network. With fewer openings for new patients, communities have turned to urgent care centers and emergency departments for their primary care needs, further straining healthcare systems and exacerbating costs.
Exploring innovative models for primary care
The traditional model of employing primary care providers is not sustainable for many health systems. The costs, recruitment challenges, decreased reimbursement, and other pressures are forcing hospitals to evaluate other options. Not having a robust primary care network is not an option for hospitals and the communities they serve. The pendulum of employing as many primary care providers as possible is swinging due to the above-mentioned challenges and hospitals are starting to explore other partnerships to strengthen their financial health and communities access to primary care services.
One approach, for communities withh Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), is to forge a new relationship. These federally funded clinics offer robust reimbursement for Medicare and Medicaid services, grants to support their operations, and behavioral health payments that are not available to hospitals. While hospitals cannot directly own FQHCs, innovative partnerships can form mutual win-win relationships for both the FQHC and hospital. FQHC partnerships are particularly effective in serving underserved populations, making them a strong option for hospitals aiming to achieve both financial stability and community health goals.
Our team works with a Maine health system that is an example of a hospital/FQHC partnership. The FQHC employs all primary care in the community. The two share many resources, like executive leadership and IT support. Through collaboration and partnership, each organization is able to focus on what they do best and what is best for the community.
Hospitals might also consider establishing FQHC Look-Alikes, which offer similar reimbursement advantages without formal federal funding. This model allows hospitals to maintain primary care access while sidestepping ownership restrictions. Successful implementations show that this approach can bridge gaps in underserved communities while helping to ensure operational feasibility.
For hospitals located in rural areas, Rural Health Clinics (RHCs) present another option. RHCs are designed to provide care through mid-level practitioners and can deliver targeted services that address the needs of specific rural populations. However, while RHCs enjoy favorable Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, their scope is limited to rural areas, potentially excluding urban hospitals from reaping similar benefits. On the other hand, Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs), which receive cost-based reimbursement from Medicare, offer a more expansive opportunity for sustaining primary care in rural settings. Leveraging Method-II billing within CAHs can provide additional financial uplift.
The path forward for employed physician models
While alternative models like FQHCs and RHCs take time to establish, many hospitals may find value in retaining employed physician models and optimizing them to minimize losses. This could include:
- Streamlining coding and charge capture processes to prevent revenue leakage.
- Implementing scheduling templates to reduce appointment delays and ensure optimal utilization.
- Enhancing patient access through strategic no-show reduction initiatives and better liability collections.
- Revising compensation structures to align physician incentives with quality metrics and financial performance.
- Continuing to explore accountable care models
- Enhancing physician compensation models to reward both outcomes and productivity
- Reducing costs by eliminating unnecessary overhead and leveraging technology that decreases costs and improves access and productivity
Primary care is the heartbeat of any community-focused healthcare system, yet hospitals face mounting pressure to sustain these services without absorbing perpetual financial losses. Whether through partnerships with FQHCs, leveraging CAH designations, or refining employed physician models, the path forward requires creativity, collaboration, and a commitment to both fiscal and social responsibility. By understanding the unique needs of their communities and exploring innovative strategies, hospitals can strike a balance that ensures improved access, higher quality care, and minimized financial strain.
BerryDunn’s healthcare team understands the unique challenges that healthcare organizations are facing. From labor shortages to regulatory changes and financial viability, our team of audit, tax, clinical, and consulting professionals is committed to helping you meet and exceed regulatory requirements, maximize your revenue, minimize your risk, improve your operations—and most importantly—facilitate positive outcomes. Learn more about our team and services.